Tredelenburg test

Patient will put their body weight at the affected side to prevent from falling down

In this video,the right side is the affected one.

Apprehension test of the knee

check for : recurrent patella dislocation or subluxation

Lachman test

test for :anterior cruciate ligament tear

Mc Murray`s test

to check for : menisci tear

Stages of clubbing

Stages of clubbing

• increase in fluctuation of nail bed
• loss of angle between the nail and the nail bed
• increase in AP diameter
• drumstick appearance
• hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy

Causes of clubbing

Causes of clubbing:

a) cardiovascular

• infective endocarditis
• congenital cyanotic heart disease

b) respiratory :

• lung carcinoma
• bronchiectasis
• empyema
• lung abscess
• asbestosis
• cystic fibrosis
• idiopatic pulmonary fibrosis

c) Gastrointestinal

• cirrhosis especially biliary cirrhosis
• inflammatory bowel disease
• coeliac disease

PEACE!!