How to examine normal pupil

Examine Horner`s syndrome

Relative afferent pupillary defect

hypopyon,iris prolapse

a) hypopyon : pus in the anterior chamber
b) iris prolapse : iris prolapse that occurs thru the opening of the surgical excision post operatively (cataract surgery)

Cataract surgery - ICCE , ECCE, PHACO

intracapsular cataract extraction (ICCE):
-incision is made in the cornea or the anterior sclera
-entire capsule and lens are removed using the cryoprobe
-IOL is placed in the anterior chamber
-incision is then sutured close
-indication: subluxated cataractous lens



extracapsular cataract extraction (ECCE)
-incision is made in the cornea or the anterior sclera (about 10 mm)
-the anterior capsule is opened
-nucleus expression
-aspiration of the lens cortex
-posterior chamber lens implanted into the capsular bag- using haptic lense



Phacoemulsification with IOL
-open the anterior capsule(incision only 3mm)
-fragment the nucleus by using the ultrasonic power ,then remove
-aspirate the lens cortex
-place the post chamber lens into the capsular beg

cataract

morgagnian cataract: liquefaction of the lens cortex while the central nucleus has turned brown and sunken to the bottom of the capsular bag due to gravity


cortical cataract : radial spoke-like opacities


nuclear cataract : nuclear opacification

glaucoma test

shine light from the temporal side and see the shadowing over the nasal side.