Spiga

Causes of clubbing



Causes of clubbing:

a) cardiovascular
  • infective endocarditis
  • congenital cyanotic heart disease
b) respiratory :
  • lung carcinoma
  • bronchiectasis
  • empyema
  • lung abscess
  • asbestosis
  • cystic fibrosis
  • idiopatic pulmonary fibrosis
c) Gastrointestinal
  • cirrhosis especially biliary cirrhosis
  • inflammatory bowel disease
  • coeliac disease
PEACE!!

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