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Physical examination videos.
Physical Exam, Interviewing Modules and Videos by the University of Virginia
The website features streaming videos in QuickTime format.
Online Physical Exam Teaching Assistant by the University of Florida College of Medicine
You can watch the videos online or download them to your hard drive.
Physical Examination Video Series by Loyola University, Chicago
Hosted on LearnersTV.com.
UCLA Physical Exam Project
Standard physical exam videos plus tutorials on how to perform a pelvic exam, Pap smear and GC/Chlamydia cultures. The videos cannot be downloaded.
Update 06/02/2007: This website is currently offline.
Connecticut Tutorials on Physical Examination by the UConn Health Center
Similar to the websites above.
Clinical Skills Online by the St. George's University of London
The videos can be downloaded to Palm or Windows Mobile (Pocket PC) devices.
There are more useful links for online medical education at the Clinical Skills Education Center of the Queen's University, Belfast. Our website ClinicalCases.org is also listed there.
Heart and Breath Sounds - Enhance Your Physical Exam Skills
The Heart Sounds Tutorial is a fancy Flash-based simulator with animations. The McGill University Virtual Stethoscope is also nicely done. Click here for more web-based teaching resources for hearts sounds (1, 2) and breath sounds.
There are more examples on the website A Practical Guide to Clinical Medicine including a Catalog of Clinical Images.
p/s: these materials are for my studies.Medical student out there,maybe you all can benefit from these websites.Good luck!
Physical examination videos.
5 major health problems among smokers
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5 major health problems among smokers.
- Health disease
- Stroke
- Lung cancer
- emphysema/COPD
- Oral cancer
599 additive ingredients in cigarette.
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I actually found this great article regarding the additive ingredients in cigarette which i hope can be an eye opener for smokers out there.It`s time to think again...
By Terry Martin
www.about.com
The list of 599 additives approved by the US Government for use in the manufacture of cigarettes is something every smoker should see. Submitted by the five major American cigarette companies to the Dept. of Health and Human Services in April of 1994, this list of ingredients had long been kept a secret.
Tobacco companies reporting this information were:
Brown and Williamson
Liggett Group, Inc.
Philip Morris Inc.
R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company
While these ingredients are approved as additives for foods, they were not tested by burning them, and it is the burning of many of these substances which changes their properties, often for the worse. Over 4000 chemical compounds are created by burning a cigarette, many of which are toxic and/or carcinogenic. Carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrogen cyanide and ammonia are all present in cigarette smoke. Forty-three known carcinogens are in mainstream smoke, sidestream smoke, or both.
It's chilling to think about not only how smokers poison themselves, but what others are exposed to by breathing in the secondhand smoke. The next time you're missing your old buddy, the cigarette, take a good long look at this list and see them for what they are: a delivery system for toxic chemicals and carcinogens.
Cigarettes offer people only a multitude of smoking-related diseases and ultimately death
The List
- Acetanisole
- Acetic Acid
- Acetoin
- Acetophenone
- 6-Acetoxydihydrotheaspirane
- 2-Acetyl-3- Ethylpyrazine
- 2-Acetyl-5-Methylfuran
- Acetylpyrazine
- 2-Acetylpyridine
- 3-Acetylpyridine
- 2-Acetylthiazole
- Aconitic Acid
- dl-Alanine
- Alfalfa Extract
- Allspice Extract,Oleoresin, and Oil
- Allyl Hexanoate
- Allyl Ionone
- Almond Bitter Oil
- Ambergris Tincture
- Ammonia
- Ammonium Bicarbonate
- Ammonium Hydroxide
- Ammonium Phosphate Dibasic
- Ammonium Sulfide
- Amyl Alcohol
- Amyl Butyrate
- Amyl Formate
- Amyl Octanoate
- alpha-Amylcinnamaldehyde
- Amyris Oil
- trans-Anethole
- Angelica Root Extract, Oil and Seed Oil
- Anise
- Anise Star, Extract and Oils
- Anisyl Acetate
- Anisyl Alcohol
- Anisyl Formate
- Anisyl Phenylacetate
- Apple Juice Concentrate, Extract, and Skins
- Apricot Extract and Juice Concentrate
- 1-Arginine
- Asafetida Fluid Extract And Oil
- Ascorbic Acid
- 1-Asparagine Monohydrate
- 1-Aspartic Acid
- Balsam Peru and Oil
- Basil Oil
- Bay Leaf, Oil and Sweet Oil
- Beeswax White
- Beet Juice Concentrate
- Benzaldehyde
- Benzaldehyde Glyceryl Acetal
- Benzoic Acid, Benzoin
- Benzoin Resin
- Benzophenone
- Benzyl Alcohol
- Benzyl Benzoate
- Benzyl Butyrate
- Benzyl Cinnamate
- Benzyl Propionate
- Benzyl Salicylate
- Bergamot Oil
- Bisabolene
- Black Currant Buds Absolute
- Borneol
- Bornyl Acetate
- Buchu Leaf Oil
- 1,3-Butanediol
- 2,3-Butanedione
- 1-Butanol
- 2-Butanone
- 4(2-Butenylidene)-3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-Cyclohexen-1-One
- Butter, Butter Esters, and Butter Oil
- Butyl Acetate
- Butyl Butyrate
- Butyl Butyryl Lactate
- Butyl Isovalerate
- Butyl Phenylacetate
- Butyl Undecylenate
- 3-Butylidenephthalide
- Butyric Acid]
- Cadinene
- Caffeine
- Calcium Carbonate
- Camphene
- Cananga Oil
- Capsicum Oleoresin
- Caramel Color
- Caraway Oil
- Carbon Dioxide
- Cardamom Oleoresin, Extract, Seed Oil, and Powder
- Carob Bean and Extract
- beta-Carotene
- Carrot Oil
- Carvacrol
- 4-Carvomenthenol
- 1-Carvone
- beta-Caryophyllene
- beta-Caryophyllene Oxide
- Cascarilla Oil and Bark Extract
- Cassia Bark Oil
- Cassie Absolute and Oil
- Castoreum Extract, Tincture and Absolute
- Cedar Leaf Oil
- Cedarwood Oil Terpenes and Virginiana
- Cedrol
- Celery Seed Extract, Solid, Oil, And Oleoresin
- Cellulose Fiber
- Chamomile Flower Oil And Extract
- Chicory Extract
- Chocolate
- Cinnamaldehyde
- Cinnamic Acid
- Cinnamon Leaf Oil, Bark Oil, and Extract
- Cinnamyl Acetate
- Cinnamyl Alcohol
- Cinnamyl Cinnamate
- Cinnamyl Isovalerate
- Cinnamyl Propionate
- Citral
- Citric Acid
- Citronella Oil
- dl-Citronellol
- Citronellyl Butyrate
- itronellyl Isobutyrate
- Civet Absolute
- Clary Oil
- Clover Tops, Red Solid Extract
- Cocoa
- Cocoa Shells, Extract, Distillate And Powder
- Coconut Oil
- Coffee
- Cognac White and Green Oil
- Copaiba Oil
- Coriander Extract and Oil
- Corn Oil
- Corn Silk
- Costus Root Oil
- Cubeb Oil
- Cuminaldehyde
- para-Cymene
- 1-Cysteine
- Dandelion Root Solid Extract
- Davana Oil
- 2-trans, 4-trans-Decadienal
- delta-Decalactone
- gamma-Decalactone
- Decanal
- 1-Decanol
- 2-Decenal
- Dehydromenthofurolactone
- Diethyl Malonate
- Diethyl Sebacate
- 2,3-Diethylpyrazine
- Dihydro Anethole
- 5,7-Dihydro-2-Methylthieno(3,4-D) Pyrimidine
- Dill Seed Oil and Extract
- meta-Dimethoxybenzene
- para-Dimethoxybenzene
- 2,6-Dimethoxyphenol
- Dimethyl Succinate
- 3,4-Dimethyl-1,2 Cyclopentanedione
- 3,5- Dimethyl-1,2-Cyclopentanedione
- 3,7-Dimethyl-1,3,6-Octatriene
- 4,5-Dimethyl-3-Hydroxy-2,5-Dihydrofuran-2-One
- 6,10-Dimethyl-5,9-Undecadien-2-One
- 3,7-Dimethyl-6-Octenoic Acid
- 2,4 Dimethylacetophenone
- alpha,para-Dimethylbenzyl Alcohol
- alpha,alpha-Dimethylphenethyl Acetate
- alpha,alpha Dimethylphenethyl Butyrate
- 2,3-Dimethylpyrazine
- 2,5-Dimethylpyrazine
- 2,6-Dimethylpyrazine
- Dimethyltetrahydrobenzofuranone
- delta-Dodecalactone
- gamma-Dodecalactone
- para-Ethoxybenzaldehyde
- Ethyl 10-Undecenoate
- Ethyl 2-Methylbutyrate
- Ethyl Acetate
- Ethyl Acetoacetate
- Ethyl Alcohol
- Ethyl Benzoate
- Ethyl Butyrate
- Ethyl Cinnamate
- Ethyl Decanoate
- Ethyl Fenchol
- Ethyl Furoate
- Ethyl Heptanoate
- Ethyl Hexanoate
- Ethyl Isovalerate
- Ethyl Lactate
- Ethyl Laurate
- Ethyl Levulinate
- Ethyl Maltol
- Ethyl Methyl Phenylglycidate
- Ethyl Myristate
- Ethyl Nonanoate
- Ethyl Octadecanoate
- Ethyl Octanoate
- Ethyl Oleate
- Ethyl Palmitate
- Ethyl Phenylacetate
- Ethyl Propionate
- Ethyl Salicylate
- Ethyl trans-2-Butenoate
- Ethyl Valerate
- Ethyl Vanillin
- 2-Ethyl (or Methyl)-(3,5 and 6)-Methoxypyrazine
- 2-Ethyl-1-Hexanol, 3-Ethyl -2 -Hydroxy-2-Cyclopenten-1-One
- 2-Ethyl-3, (5 or 6)-Dimethylpyrazine
- 5-Ethyl-3-Hydroxy-4-Methyl-2(5H)-Furanone
- 2-Ethyl-3-Methylpyrazine
- 4-Ethylbenzaldehyde
- 4-Ethylguaiacol
- para-Ethylphenol
- 3-Ethylpyridine
- Eucalyptol
- Farnesol
- D-Fenchone
- Fennel Sweet Oil
- Fenugreek, Extract, Resin, and Absolute
- Fig Juice Concentrate
- Food Starch Modified
- Furfuryl Mercaptan
- 4-(2-Furyl)-3-Buten-2-One
- Galbanum Oil
- Genet Absolute
- Gentian Root Extract
- Geraniol
- Geranium Rose Oil
- Geranyl Acetate
- Geranyl Butyrate
- Geranyl Formate
- Geranyl Isovalerate
- Geranyl Phenylacetate
- Ginger Oil and Oleoresin
- 1-Glutamic Acid
- 1-Glutamine
- Glycerol
- Glycyrrhizin Ammoniated
- Grape Juice Concentrate
- Guaiac Wood Oil
- Guaiacol
- Guar Gum
- 2,4-Heptadienal
- gamma-Heptalactone
- Heptanoic Acid
- 2-Heptanone
- 3-Hepten-2-One
- 2-Hepten-4-One
- 4-Heptenal
- trans -2-Heptenal
- Heptyl Acetate
- omega-6-Hexadecenlactone
- gamma-Hexalactone
- Hexanal
- Hexanoic Acid
- 2-Hexen-1-Ol
- 3-Hexen-1-Ol
- cis-3-Hexen-1-Yl Acetate
- 2-Hexenal
- 3-Hexenoic Acid
- trans-2-Hexenoic Acid
- cis-3-Hexenyl Formate
- Hexyl 2-Methylbutyrate
- Hexyl Acetate
- Hexyl Alcohol
- Hexyl Phenylacetate
- 1-Histidine
- Honey
- Hops Oil
- Hydrolyzed Milk Solids
- Hydrolyzed Plant Proteins
- 5-Hydroxy-2,4-Decadienoic Acid delta- Lactone
- 4-Hydroxy-2,5-Dimethyl-3(2H)-Furanone
- 2-Hydroxy-3,5,5-Trimethyl-2-Cyclohexen-1-One
- 4-Hydroxy -3-Pentenoic Acid Lactone
- 2-Hydroxy-4-Methylbenzaldehyde
- 4-Hydroxybutanoic Acid Lactone
- Hydroxycitronellal
- 6-Hydroxydihydrotheaspirane
- 4-(para-Hydroxyphenyl)-2-Butanone
- Hyssop Oil
- Immortelle Absolute and Extract
- alpha-Ionone
- beta-Ionone
- alpha-Irone
- Isoamyl Acetate
- Isoamyl Benzoate
- Isoamyl Butyrate
- Isoamyl Cinnamate
- Isoamyl Formate, Isoamyl Hexanoate
- Isoamyl Isovalerate
- Isoamyl Octanoate
- Isoamyl Phenylacetate
- Isobornyl Acetate
- Isobutyl Acetate
- Isobutyl Alcohol
- Isobutyl Cinnamate
- Isobutyl Phenylacetate
- Isobutyl Salicylate
- 2-Isobutyl-3-Methoxypyrazine
- alpha-Isobutylphenethyl Alcohol
- Isobutyraldehyde
- Isobutyric Acid
- d,l-Isoleucine
- alpha-Isomethylionone
- 2-Isopropylphenol
- Isovaleric Acid
- Jasmine Absolute, Concrete and Oil
- Kola Nut Extract
- Labdanum Absolute and Oleoresin
- Lactic Acid
- Lauric Acid
- Lauric Aldehyde
- Lavandin Oil
- Lavender Oil
- Lemon Oil and Extract
- Lemongrass Oil
- 1-Leucine
- Levulinic Acid
- Licorice Root, Fluid, Extract and Powder
- Lime Oil
- Linalool
- Linalool Oxide
- Linalyl Acetate
- Linden Flowers
- Lovage Oil And Extract
- 1-Lysine]
- Mace Powder, Extract and Oil
- Magnesium Carbonate
- Malic Acid
- Malt and Malt Extract
- Maltodextrin
- Maltol
- Maltyl Isobutyrate
- Mandarin Oil
- Maple Syrup and Concentrate
- Mate Leaf, Absolute and Oil
- para-Mentha-8-Thiol-3-One
- Menthol
- Menthone
- Menthyl Acetate
- dl-Methionine
- Methoprene
- 2-Methoxy-4-Methylphenol
- 2-Methoxy-4-Vinylphenol
- para-Methoxybenzaldehyde
- 1-(para-Methoxyphenyl)-1-Penten-3-One
- 4-(para-Methoxyphenyl)-2-Butanone
- 1-(para-Methoxyphenyl)-2-Propanone
- Methoxypyrazine
- Methyl 2-Furoate
- Methyl 2-Octynoate
- Methyl 2-Pyrrolyl Ketone
- Methyl Anisate
- Methyl Anthranilate
- Methyl Benzoate
- Methyl Cinnamate
- Methyl Dihydrojasmonate
- Methyl Ester of Rosin, Partially Hydrogenated
- Methyl Isovalerate
- Methyl Linoleate (48%)
- Methyl Linolenate (52%) Mixture
- Methyl Naphthyl Ketone
- Methyl Nicotinate
- Methyl Phenylacetate
- Methyl Salicylate
- Methyl Sulfide
- 3-Methyl-1-Cyclopentadecanone
- 4-Methyl-1-Phenyl-2-Pentanone
- 5-Methyl-2-Phenyl-2-Hexenal
- 5-Methyl-2-Thiophenecarboxaldehyde
- 6-Methyl-3,-5-Heptadien-2-One
- 2-Methyl-3-(para-Isopropylphenyl) Propionaldehyde
- 5-Methyl-3-Hexen-2-One
- 1-Methyl-3Methoxy-4-Isopropylbenzene
- 4-Methyl-3-Pentene-2-One
- 2-Methyl-4-Phenylbutyraldehyde
- 6-Methyl-5-Hepten-2-One
- 4-Methyl-5-Thiazoleethanol
- 4-Methyl-5-Vinylthiazole
- Decanoic Acid
- Methyl-alpha-Ionone
- Methyl-trans-2-Butenoic Acid
- 4-Methylacetophenone
- para-Methylanisole
- alpha-Methylbenzyl Acetate
- alpha-Methylbenzyl Alcohol
- 2-Methylbutyraldehyde
- 3-Methylbutyraldehyde
- 2-Methylbutyric Acid
- alpha-Methylcinnamaldehyde
- Methylcyclopentenolone
- 2-Methylheptanoic Acid
- 2-Methylhexanoic Acid
- 3-Methylpentanoic Acid
- 4-Methylpentanoic Acid
- 2-Methylpyrazine
- 5-Methylquinoxaline
- 2-Methyltetrahydrofuran-3-One
- (Methylthio)Methylpyrazine (Mixture Of Isomers)
- 3-Methylthiopropionaldehyde
- Methyl 3-Methylthiopropionate
- 2-Methylvaleric Acid
- Mimosa Absolute and Extract
- Molasses Extract and Tincture
- Mountain Maple Solid Extract
- Mullein Flowers
- Myristaldehyde
- Myristic Acid
- Myrrh Oil
- beta-Napthyl Ethyl Ether
- Nerol
- Neroli Bigarde Oil
- Nerolidol
- Nona-2-trans,6-cis-Dienal
- 2,6-Nonadien-1-Ol
- gamma-Nonalactone
- Nonanal
- Nonanoic Acid
- Nonanone
- trans-2-Nonen-1-Ol
- 2-Nonenal
- Nonyl Acetate
- Nutmeg Powder and Oil
- Oak Chips Extract and Oil
- Oak Moss Absolute
- 9,12-Octadecadienoic Acid (48%) And 9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic Acid (52%)
- delta-Octalactone
- gamma-Octalactone
- Octanal
- Octanoic Acid
- 1-Octanol
- 2-Octanone
- 3-Octen-2-One
- 1-Octen-3-Ol
- 1-Octen-3-Yl Acetate
- 2-Octenal
- Octyl Isobutyrate
- Oleic Acid
- Olibanum Oil
- Opoponax Oil And Gum
- Orange Blossoms Water, Absolute, and Leaf Absolute
- Orange Oil and Extract
- Origanum Oil
- Orris Concrete Oil and Root Extract
- Palmarosa Oil
- Palmitic Acid
- Parsley Seed Oil
- Patchouli Oil
- omega-Pentadecalactone
- 2,3-Pentanedione
- 2-Pentanone
- 4-Pentenoic Acid
- 2-Pentylpyridine
- Pepper Oil, Black And White
- Peppermint Oil
- Peruvian (Bois De Rose) Oil
- Petitgrain Absolute, Mandarin Oil and Terpeneless Oil
- alpha-Phellandrene
- 2-Phenenthyl Acetate
- Phenenthyl Alcohol
- Phenethyl Butyrate
- Phenethyl Cinnamate
- Phenethyl Isobutyrate
- Phenethyl Isovalerate
- Phenethyl Phenylacetate
- Phenethyl Salicylate
- 1-Phenyl-1-Propanol
- 3-Phenyl-1-Propanol
- 2-Phenyl-2-Butenal
- 4-Phenyl-3-Buten-2-Ol
- 4-Phenyl-3-Buten-2-One
- Phenylacetaldehyde
- Phenylacetic Acid
- 1-Phenylalanine
- 3-Phenylpropionaldehyde
- 3-Phenylpropionic Acid
- 3-Phenylpropyl Acetate
- 3-Phenylpropyl Cinnamate
- 2-(3-Phenylpropyl)Tetrahydrofuran
- Phosphoric Acid
- Pimenta Leaf Oil
- Pine Needle Oil, Pine Oil, Scotch
- Pineapple Juice Concentrate
- alpha-Pinene, beta-Pinene
- D-Piperitone
- Piperonal
- Pipsissewa Leaf Extract
- Plum Juice
- Potassium Sorbate
- 1-Proline
- Propenylguaethol
- Propionic Acid
- Propyl Acetate
- Propyl para-Hydroxybenzoate
- Propylene Glycol
- 3-Propylidenephthalide
- Prune Juice and Concentrate
- Pyridine
- Pyroligneous Acid And Extract
- Pyrrole
- Pyruvic Acid
- Raisin Juice Concentrate
- Rhodinol
- Rose Absolute and Oil
- Rosemary Oil
- Rum
- Rum Ether
- Rye Extract
- Sage, Sage Oil, and Sage Oleoresin
- Salicylaldehyde
- Sandalwood Oil, Yellow
- Sclareolide
- Skatole
- Smoke Flavor
- Snakeroot Oil
- Sodium Acetate
- Sodium Benzoate
- Sodium Bicarbonate
- Sodium Carbonate
- Sodium Chloride
- Sodium Citrate
- Sodium Hydroxide
- Solanone
- Spearmint Oil
- Styrax Extract, Gum and Oil
- Sucrose Octaacetate
- Sugar Alcohols
- Sugars
- Tagetes Oil
- Tannic Acid
- Tartaric Acid
- Tea Leaf and Absolute
- alpha-Terpineol
- Terpinolene
- Terpinyl Acetate
- 5,6,7,8-Tetrahydroquinoxaline
- 1,5,5,9-Tetramethyl-13-Oxatricyclo(8.3.0.0(4,9))Tridecane
- 2,3,4,5, and 3,4,5,6-Tetramethylethyl-Cyclohexanone
- 2,3,5,6-Tetramethylpyrazine
- Thiamine Hydrochloride
- Thiazole
- 1-Threonine
- Thyme Oil, White and Red
- Thymol
- Tobacco Extracts
- Tochopherols (mixed)
- Tolu Balsam Gum and Extract
- Tolualdehydes
- para-Tolyl 3-Methylbutyrate
- para-Tolyl Acetaldehyde
- para-Tolyl Acetate
- para-Tolyl Isobutyrate
- para-Tolyl Phenylacetate
- Triacetin
- 2-Tridecanone
- 2-Tridecenal
- Triethyl Citrate
- 3,5,5-Trimethyl -1-Hexanol
- para,alpha,alpha-Trimethylbenzyl Alcohol
- 4-(2,6,6-Trimethylcyclohex-1-Enyl)But-2-En-4-One
- 2,6,6-Trimethylcyclohex-2-Ene-1,4-Dione
- 2,6,6-Trimethylcyclohexa-1,3-Dienyl Methan
- 4-(2,6,6-Trimethylcyclohexa-1,3-Dienyl)But-2-En-4-One
- 2,2,6-Trimethylcyclohexanone
- 2,3,5-Trimethylpyrazine
- 1-Tyrosine
- delta-Undercalactone
- gamma-Undecalactone
- Undecanal
- 2-Undecanone, 1
- 0-Undecenal
- Urea
- Valencene
- Valeraldehyde
- Valerian Root Extract, Oil and Powder
- Valeric Acid
- gamma-Valerolactone
- Valine
- Vanilla Extract And Oleoresin
- Vanillin
- Veratraldehyde
- Vetiver Oil
- Vinegar
- Violet Leaf Absolute
- Walnut Hull Extract
- Water
- Wheat Extract And Flour
- Wild Cherry Bark Extract
- Wine and Wine Sherry
- Xanthan Gum
- 3,4-Xylenol
- Yeast
The fact behind nicotine smoking.
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Nicotine is actually a drug that is found naturally in tobacco.It is highly addictive,as addictive as heroin and cocaine.When nicotine enters the body,it will be distributed in the body via the bloodstream and bind to nicotinic receptor located at adrenal medulla and central nervous system.
Binding of nicotine to nicotine receptor at adrenal medulla will cause release of adrenaline(stimulatory hormone).Effect of adrenaline include:
- increase heart rate
- increase blood pressure
- increase respiration rate
- increase glucose level
Research shows that high level of nicotine in blood will produce calming and pain-killing effect while low dose of nicotine in blood will stimulate nerve transmission thus producing alertness effect.This may be the reason behind the smokers smoking behaviour ,whether they take a good deep puffs or just short puffs.
So scientifically,these are the effects of nicotine towards a human body.Sounds good right?Sense of pleasure,relax,calm..hmm...who does`nt want this kind of feeling?
But beware people,nicotine is a natural drug and highly addictive,as addictive as heroin and cocaine.Therefore,in my next entry,i`ll write all the down side of tobacco smoking and let our wise mind decide whether to continue smoking or not.
Till then,take care people!
Unbelievable!!
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See how fast the breast cancer cells divide!!unbelievable!!I assume it must be a very aggressive cancer.
Introduction of cancer
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When people mention the word cancer,what is the first thing that strikes your mind?If u ask me,my list will go like this:
- regular hospital visit for chemotherapy radiotherapy
- lots of medication
- bald head,skinny body
- life or death.(but depends on what type of cancer)
First and foremost, what is actually cancer cells?How does it differ with our normal cells?
In simple term,cancer cell is cell which divides in uncontrollable manner.Cancer cells undergo genetic mutation which is cause by carcinogens(cancer-causing substance) such as tobacco smokes,infectious agent,chemicals and radiation.The mutated cells divide aggressively and end up forming tumour(An abnormal lump of tissue formed by a collection of abnormal cells).
Tumour can be divided into 2 types
a)Benign tumour:
- A tumour that is localized and will not migrate to other parts of the body
- Not cancerous
- Can expand and interfere the surrounding organ or tissue structure
- usually harmless
- A tumour that is actively dividing and has the capability to invade the surrounding tissue and spread to other parts of the body.
- Cancerous
- Usually harmful
Will write more in the next entry!
HDL up,LDL down
10 Tips to Reduce Your Cholesterol
by: Kristi Patrice Carter
Reducing your cholesterol level can greatly increase your health. High cholesterol can put you at risk for a variety of diseases and conditions. By lowering your cholesterol level you can reduce your risks and enjoy increased health. These ten tips will help you get there.
1. Know your target cholesterol levels. It is important to know your target cholesterol levels so that you can know where you stand. It can give you a guideline to follow to know how far you need to go and what you need to do to get there.
2. Choose the "good fats." Polyunsaturated fats, which include corn, cottonseed, safflower, sesame, soybean and sunflower oils are the "good fats" that you should include in your diet. Stay from highly saturated fats which are found in beef fat, butter, cream and lard as well as a variety of other foods. Do your homework and learn which foods offer good fats and which ones are nothing but trouble.
3. Change your cooking habits. Pack away your deep fryer. Better yet, give it away. Stick to baking, broiling and boiling foods which is way healthier.
4. Trim the fat. Trim any exterior fat from meat or pork and remove the skin from chicken and turkey before you cook.
5. Go for the omega 3 fatty acids. You can find the omega 3 fatty acids in seafood such as salmon, mackerel and sardines. Try to eat at least two servings a week to get your weekly dose and steer away from the supplements. The jury is still out on the benefits from the fish oil supplements and in high doses they may cause harm.
6. Make some substitutions and alterations. Choose low fat or skim milk over whole milk, select low fat yogurt or cottage cheese instead of mayonnaise and sour cream in your recipes and toss out your high fat condiments with lemon juice and vinegar. Limit your egg consumption to four or less a week. When you cook with eggs, only use every other egg yolk and replace the discarded egg yolk with an egg white.
7. Use medication to reduce your cholesterol. There are medications that can reduce your cholesterol. Your doctor can help you find one that is right for you. However, medication is not a get out of jail free card. You still need to mind your diet and health practices.
8. Increase your HDL cholesterol. Follow some healthy practices, such as diet and exercise. If you smoke - stop. If you are overweight, lose weight. Also, add fiber to your diet. All of these things will increase your HDL cholesterol, your "good" cholesterol.
9. Try some natural treatments. There are some vitamins and herbs that are believed to reduce your LDL, or "bad" cholesterol. A few of these natural treatments include B vitamins, carnitine, chromium, garlic, grape seed extract, pantothine, royal jelly and soy. You should check with your doctor before taking any of these.
10. Exercise can make a difference. Exercise can help reduce your cholesterol in a variety of ways. It can help naturally reduce your LDL cholesterol, help you lose weight and help your organs function more efficiently, all of which are extremely beneficial to your health.
from:http://www.miniecards.com/health_tips/reduceyourcholesterol.html
Asthma short tutorial
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I posted an entry about asthma a few days ago.Now,check out these videos for u to have a clearer picture about this health problem.Enjoy watching! :)
Keep urself clean people
just like pizza cheese rite?hhmm..- It is a soft tissue infection usually cause by Staph aureus.
- Infection may be due to poor hygiene , low immunity
- Usually occur at the back and at the nape of the neck.
- Characterize by collection of pus and inflamed tissue surrounding it.
- Only way to treat this problem is...drain out the pus
picture from: Bernardchan.net
Tuberculosis(TB) or Batuk Kering
Anyway,tuberculosis is also known as batuk kering.Watch this video,quite simple and easy to understand.
till then,
Wonder what smoking cause you?Look at these pictures and think again.
In every puff you take,you are killing your lung,yourself.
Smokers lung
Mouth cancer due to smoking.Care to smoke?Think again...
Smoking can cause the alteration of the elasticity of your blood vessel.Blood vessel can be narrowed and thus,less blood will be supplied to your leg.
Due to this, the tissues will die from day to day...
This is what happen..
Value your life,don`t kill yourself...
Sources: PBS Kids- It’s My Life http://pbskids.org/itsmylife/body/smoking/article2.html
Smoking and Cancer-Fact Sheet www.ash.org/html/factsheets/html/factory.html
World Resources Institute http://www.wri.org/wr-98-99/smoking.htm
Prolonged cough??Why is that?
`Kalau batuk tak baik2,pastuh dah lama tak baik2,tu rasanye penyakit ape ar?`
Few days ago,this was the question asked by Mr X to me....
My mind started thinking,refreshing every single thing that i have learned in college.I asked him some further few more questions just to narrow down the list of differential diagnosis.
I came out with several possible diagnosis which were:
1.Lung cancer
2.Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
3.Bronchitis
FIY,3 of the above are the most common cause of prolonged cough for smokers.
For non smoker,prolonged cough can be due to:
1.Asthma
2.Post nasal drip syndrome
3.Gastro-oesophageal reflux syndrome
4.ACE-inhibitor(anti-hypertension drug)
I`m worried about his situation.Eventhough he did not have any other serious symptoms,i told him to go to the hospital to have a thorough check up.Atleast if there is anything wrong, doctors are able to detect and treat it earlier.
Hhhmmm.hope everything is going to be alright...
Till then,
Leukaemia.
Minggu lepas,saya keluar bersama kawan baik saya ke Subang Parade.Dah lama saya tak jumpa dia,sbb sebelum ni saya belajar di Dublin,die belajar di New Zealand.Cuti kami berbeza,bila saya summer,die pula winter.ehehe,nama lagi duduk di hemisphere bumi yg berbeza.Tapi,Alhamdulillah,akhirnya kami dapat berjumpa semula!
Kawan saya ni,walaupun dia bukan ambil medic,tapi die suka tgk cerita2 medical.So disebabkan die suke tgk cerita2 medical,die suke tanya saye benda2 pasal medicine.Hari tue die tanye saye pasal penyakit leukaemia.Die minta saya explain apa sebenarnya penyakit leukaemia ni dan kenape bahaya sgt?
So,briefly leukaemia ini ialah kanser darah tetapi characteristicnya ialah abnormal proliferation of the blood cells especially the white blood cells.
Bagi yang tidak tahu,komponen darah kita terdiri daripada:
- Sel darah merah (erythrocyte)-berfungsi untuk bergabung dengan oxygen dan membawa oxygen ke seluruh badan
- sel darah putih (leukocyte)-berfungsi dalam pertahanan badan terhadap penyakit
- Platelet( thrombocytes) - berfungsi dalam proses pembekuan darah
Dalam kes leukaemia,proses haemopoeisis ini menjadi abnormal dimana lebih banyak sel darah putih dihasilkan manakala bilangan sel darah merah dan platlet berkurangan.Walaupun banyak sel darah putih dihasilkan,fungsi sel darah putih untuk menentang penyakit tidak berada dalam keadaan yang optimum kerana sel darah putih yang dihasilkan tidak matang untuk menjalankan fungsinya.
Maka,diantara symptom2 pesakit leukaemia ialah:
- pendarahan kerana darah tidak dapat membeku
- mudah mendapat infection
- anaemia-pucat,susah bernafas,cepat letih
- sakit tulang
- rasa loya dan pening2
Kebiasaanya,pesakit leukaemia memerlukan pemindahan sum2 tulang daripada penderma bagi memulihkan semula bilangan setiap sel2 darah di dalam badan .Selain itu,chemotherapy juga merupakan salah satu kaedah pemulihan kerana ia akan membunuh atau memberhentikan pembentukan sel darah putih yang abnormal itu.
Saye kurang pasti peratus pesakit leukaemia tapi yang penting,pesakit leukaemia perlu mendapat rawatan secepat mungkin kerana penyakit ini boleh membawa maut.
Untuk maklumat lanjut,sila rujuk doktor anda :)
Asthma attack.know about it!
Beberapa hari lepas,opah ada di rumah untuk 1 minggu.Kali ni,turn opah untuk duduk di rumah anaknye yang ke-3 sebelum ke rumah uncle saye di Ipoh.Last saye berjumpa dgn opah rasanya tahun lepas,masa summer holiday dulu.So,Alhamdulillah,dipanjangkan umur saye dan opah,kami dapat berjumpa semula :)
Hari tu saye sembang2 dgn opah.Opah sangat semangat cerita pasal penyakit asthma dia.Hari tue die ckp,tiba2 die rase susah nak nafas,nafas pendek katanya.Dalam hati saya,mungkin opah kene asthma attack hari tue.Saye pun mengambil peluang ni utk mengaplikasikan apa yang di belajar di college.Saye start ambik history taking dengan opah.Seronok sebenarnya sebab kita dapat tau tahap ilmu kita dan yang paling penting,improve communication skills.Mungkin sebab dulu masa di Dublin,saye dah biase menggunakan bahasa english masa berckp dgn patient,tapi sekarang,saye kene belajar guna terminology2 bahasa melayu yang slalu digunakan masyarakat kita.Contohnya,tulang skapula tu namanya tulang belikat :D.
Masa opah cerita pasal asthma attack die,saye tanye apa die buat mase kene asthma attack tu?die kate,die dah nervous,taktau nak buat ape dan trus panggil mak saudara saye.Mak saudara saye terus bawak ke hospital dan doktor terus start nebulizer .Saya tergerak nak tanye opah`kenape opah tak ambik ubat picit2 kat mulut tu?(inhaler)`.Opah ckp die dah tak igt dah sbb nervous sgt.Saye mampu tergelak je.Tapi btul jugak,kadang2 bila kita panic,smua pun tak igt.
Lepas habis cerita,opah tibe2 masuk bilik.Rupanya dia nak tunjuk smua ubat2 asthma yang doktor bg kat die.ehehehe.(comel opahku).Opah nampak sgt excited sambil tunjuk smua ubat tu kat saye,siap demonstrate mcm mane nak guna inhaler tu.Saya terasa nak cerita apa sebenarnye yg berlaku bila asthma menyerang dan fungsi ubat inhaler tu.So cerita saya kat opah lebih kurang mcm ni:
Bagi yang tidak tahu atau pun yang pernah belajar tetapi sudah lupa, salur pernafasan kita bermula dr hidung dan mulut,kemudian ke bahagian larynx,trachea,bercabang kepada 2 bronchus (kira dan kanan) dan kemudian bronchioles.Pada hujung2 bronchioles inilah wujudnya alveolar(berupa bebola2 kecil) di mana proses pertukaran gas oxygen dan carbon dioxide berlaku.Udara(oxygen) yang kita nafas akan meresap masuk melalui alveolar ke dalam salur darah dan bergabung dgn sel darah merah dan dibawa ke seluruh badan.
So,apa yang terjadi bila seseorang itu mendapat asthma attack?
- Salur pernafasan kita mengecil (bronchoconstriction)
- Salur pernafasan kita membengkak
- Salur pernafasan kita dipenuhi lebihan mukus
Asthma attack boleh disebabkan oleh banyak faktor.Contohnya termasuklah:- Kualiti udara yang rendah
- Merokok
- Habuk
- Debunga2
- Genetik
- Stress
- Ubat-ubatan
- Infeksi virus
Walau bagaimanapun,prevention is always better than cure.Bagi yang merokok,stop smoking!Bagi yang lain,cuba pastikan persekitaran udara sentiasa bersih,tiada habuk atau pencemaran udara.Kurangkan stress dan pastikan anda tanya doktor anda tentang ubat yang anda makan,sama ada boleh menyebabkan serangan asthma atau tidak.
ok,till the next entry!
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The Chosen One
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